By Mark Pilipczuk and Oliver Andrews
The U.S. approval of spot Bitcoin and Ether ETFs in January 2024 and July 2024, respectively, marked a significant milestone in the cryptocurrency market. These products offer investors a more regulated and accessible way to gain exposure to digital assets, encouraging greater institutional involvement in the sector.
The introduction of spot Solana ETFs and the potential approval of XRP ETFs suggest an imminent expansion in the scope of basis trading. As illustrated in the chart below, the front-month SOL and XRP futures contracts saw annualized basis readings spike to 50% in July 2025.
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### Basis Trade: What Is It and Why Is It Important?
A basis trade is a strategy that involves taking simultaneous, opposing positions in the spot and futures markets to capture the price difference between them.
**Basis = Futures Price − Spot Price**
The goal of this strategy is to establish a delta-neutral position, where combined exposure is insulated from the underlying asset’s directional price movements. Profit or loss is determined by the “locked-in” basis as the two prices converge at the futures contract’s expiration.
Below is a common scenario where the futures price is higher than the spot price, known as contango or a positive basis.
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### Hypothetical Trading Example
Consider a spot Bitcoin ETF trading at $100,000. Simultaneously, the lead-month CME Group Bitcoin futures contract trades at $101,000, creating a positive basis of $1,000.
To capture this basis, a trader could:
– **Go long the spot asset:** Buy the Bitcoin ETF at $100,000.
– **Go short the futures contract:** Sell the CME Group Bitcoin futures contract at $101,000.
By executing both trades simultaneously, the trader locks in a gross profit of $1,000 per contract, regardless of Bitcoin’s price direction, before transaction costs.
Assuming that at futures expiration, prices converge at $105,000:
– **Spot position:** The ETF purchased at $100,000 is now worth $105,000, yielding a $5,000 profit.
– **Futures position:** The futures contract shorted at $101,000 must be settled at $105,000, resulting in a $4,000 loss.
The net result is a $1,000 profit ($5,000 profit − $4,000 loss), matching the initial basis.
Conversely, if the futures price were lower than the spot price (backwardation or a negative basis), the trade would be inverted: the trader would sell the spot asset and buy the futures contract.
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### Why Basis Trading Is More Efficient with ETFs
The efficiency of basis trades is enhanced by the alignment of price benchmarks. Several of the largest spot Bitcoin ETFs use CME CF Reference Rates to calculate their daily net asset value (NAV). Since CME Group Bitcoin futures also expire to these CME CF Reference Rates, both sides of the trade anchor to an identical price benchmark.
This synchronization minimizes tracking errors and ensures a reliable price convergence, creating a robust foundation for executing basis trades.
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### Basis Trading Rises Post-ETF Launch
The ETF structure provides institutions with a regulated and liquid spot leg, making basis trading more scalable.
Following the launch of spot Bitcoin ETFs in January 2024, leveraged funds increased their net short positioning in CME Bitcoin futures (see chart below). This pattern implies growing use of basis trades, where futures are sold short to hedge long exposure in spot markets rather than as a directional bet against Bitcoin.
After the spot Ether ETF approvals in July 2024, net short exposure by leveraged funds in CME Ether futures was also evident.
As demonstrated in the chart, CME Group Bitcoin futures open interest rose from roughly 30,000 contracts in early 2024 to 45,000 in November 2024, before easing back to the low 30,000s by May 2025. These expansions in open interest coincided with a widening of the annualized front-month basis.
Price momentum reversed in February 2025, and the basis briefly dipped below zero, during which CME Group Bitcoin futures open interest declined.
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### What Makes Crypto Basis Different?
Unlike physical commodities—where basis reflects costs such as financing, transport, and storage—the Bitcoin basis is driven primarily by price momentum, market sentiment, and financing costs.
Several structural features distinguish the crypto basis from traditional assets:
– **Increased Retail Participation:** According to recent 13F filings, institutional ownership in the largest spot Bitcoin ETF is about 28%, significantly lower than in traditional products like the S&P 500 ETF, which has about 58%. This suggests a larger retail footprint, making market flows more sensitive to sentiment.
– **24/7 Markets:** Unlike traditional markets, cryptocurrency operates around the clock, without daily resets. This continuous activity allows larger price discrepancies to emerge between spot and futures markets.
Starting in early 2026, CME Group cryptocurrency futures and options will be available to trade 24/7 (pending regulatory review), providing market participants enhanced trading flexibility.
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### Looking Ahead
Digital asset markets have a unique structure, heavily influenced by a high proportion of retail traders and the outsized impact of social media. This environment can amplify price momentum, triggering waves of buying or selling that lead to significant price dislocations.
Traders are systematically developing strategies to capture these sentiment shifts, and the introduction of new regulated products is creating fresh opportunities for basis trading.
This suggests that the sentiment-driven basis in digital asset markets isn’t just a temporary anomaly but rather an enduring, structural feature of the market itself.
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*Original Post.*
https://seekingalpha.com/article/4839008-spot-etfs-give-rise-to-crypto-basis-trading?source=feed_all_articles